General Welfare Essay - 1677 Words

Final Thoughts When I first started to write about general welfare, I at first thought it might be a two, three maybe four part article, but it eventually morphed into TEN and now eleven parts, and I still did not cover all that I wanted to. I was however was able to cover the various arguments and circumstances surrounding the term â€Å"general welfare† in many respects. Throughout the discussion we have covered some of its first origins and uses, how it came to be part of the Constitution, and the debates about it after the Convention finished, and leading up to when the Supreme Court started to hear arguments over it [which is another entire discussion in itself]. The focus here has not been what Supreme Court has thought of the term in†¦show more content†¦No less than Seven of the Thirteen Colonial States, proposed amendments to the Constitution with the direct purpose of restraining this power, and this eventually became the 10th Amendment to prevent it from becoming a broad general power. General welfare was never intended to grant Congress to make laws as it felt for the general welfare, at most it granted the power to tax for the general welfare. As James Madison reports that during the Convention the use of the term was a direct copy of that use from the Articles of Confederation, as stated in his letter to Edmund Pendleton. James Madison should certainly know if this was the case or not, since during the Convention James Madison with out question kept the most detailed notes, other Delegates made it a habit to provide Madison with written copies of speeches or plans to have placed in his record, and most importantly was a member of the Committee of Detail that drew up the final drafts of the Constitution in which general welfare was inserted in this clause. This is also further supported by the lack of debate on the use of general welfare at all in any notes from the Convention. With general welfare being a copy of the Articles of Confederation due to it already being understood to what it implied and meant in the United States, it would imply its power would also be the same as theShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Government For The General Welfare Of Citizens1213 Words   |  5 PagesThe role of government is to promote the general welfare of citizens. 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Divorce Is A Common Way Of Life - 1181 Words

In the Western cultures, marriages and divorce are common encounter. Approximately, 90 percent of people are usually married by the time they reach the age of 50. Having a healthy marriage is excellent for couples’ mental as well as their physically health. Most importantly, it is also good for children. With children growing up in a home that is happy, it protects them from mental, physical, educational as well as social problems. However, approximately 40 to 50 percent of couples who are married get divorce in the United States of America. Furthermore, it is believe that subsequent marriages rate are higher (APA, 2016). Furthermore, in 1958, there were 2.1 divorces for each 1,000 population. There was also a rapid increase in the number†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, children are sensitive to their parents getting divorce. Usually the way how they reacts are expressed in different ways that are consistent with their developmental stages (Lee Bax, 2000). Children of divorced parents have more cases of injury, asthma, headaches and speech defects than children whose parents have remained married (Children-and-Divorce.com, 2013). Studies also revealed that in 1980 - 1981 children that are in repeated divorces usually got lower results at school. Furthermore, other children that are of the same age group rated them as less pleasant to be around. Adolescents of divorce are around three times more like ly which is, 35% instead of 13% to need psychological help within a given year. It is also discovered that children from divorced homes usually have more psychological problems, than children from which one of their parents has died. Furthermore, these children usually seem to be lonely, unhappy, anxious and insecure (Children-and-Divorce.com, 2013). Nevertheless, children who undergo divorces usually have behavioral problems, such as delinquency, aggression, and disobedience (Shaw Ingoldsby, n.d.). In addition, they usually show a decrease in their academic achievement. Roughly, three of four children show a deterioration from their previous school performance. Most children who witness the divorce at younger ages are more

Immorality and Inhumanity in the Pictures from Abu Ghraib Free Essays

One of the most serious blows to American society and reputation was the highly publicized scandal of maltreatment and abuse of prisoners in Iraq. These incidents, which were uncovered in 2004, happened in the Abu Ghraib prison complex and perpetrated by American personnel under the 372nd Military Police Company. The abuses came to public notice from the media, which was able to acquire extremely graphic images of the tortures taken by the soldiers involved in the incidents themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Immorality and Inhumanity in the Pictures from Abu Ghraib or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Hersh, 2004) Following the incident, the United States Military charged those responsible for the crimes and demoted the officer in-charge of the U.S. prison system in Iraq. Until now, however, the American public and the world are still reeling from disappointment over the irrationality and immorality of such systematic acts of violence against the Iraqui prisoners which included various forms of physical, psychological, and sexual abuses. More disconcerting than the acts of the abuses, however, is the fact that the soldiers even took photographs of their crimes. The photographs show the prisoners in shameful conditions, either naked or forced to assume positions suggesting sexual acts with fellow prisoners. Undoubtedly, the photographs show not only violations of basic human rights according to the International Humanitarian Law but also disrespect to the Muslim culture and Islamic beliefs by the American soldiers involved. Among the most disturbing aspects of the photographs taken in the Abu Ghraib prison is the presence of a woman, Private Lynndie England, posing with her thumbs up while the prisoners are being subjected to inhuman treatment. In one photo she is shown posing with a fellow soldier while naked prisoners are made to form a human pyramid at the foreground. In another, she poses with the ubiquitous thumbs up sign while at the same time pointing to the genitals of hooded male prisoners lined up. Indeed, the gloating and happy image of Private England is a stark contrast to the cruelty and torment seen from the prisoners who are reduced to the state of animals. Thus, the pictures should provoke not only outrage from the public but should also lead to a reexamination of the kind of morality and basic sense of decency of military personnel such as England who could derive enjoyment from the clear suffering of her fellow human beings. It is an unfortunate incident that a woman, whom the public expects to be more sensitive to the feelings and emotions of her fellow human being, would be part of the ritual of dehumanization of the prisoners from the physical, emotional, and the psychological aspects of the torture. It is a disappointing fact that Private England, despite her gender, was able to tolerate highly sexualized abuses that were usually committed by men to show their dominance upon women: rape, brutality, and sodomy. Aside from being devoid of any sense of morality, the pictures violate public sensitivity and ethics. The purpose of the pictures and the intent of the people who took them therefore become questionable. These images where clearly not meant for an audience, but then, why take them in the first place? Did Private England and her cohorts need a remembrance of how they were once part of the violation and abuse of the Iraqui prisoners? Upon analysis, the pictures are not only proof of the lack of ethics and sensitivity of the soldiers but also signify a deeper perversion. The abuse of the prisoners, supposedly meant to prime them for interrogation by intelligence personnel, show the ugly characteristic of power play wherein the abusers took freedom upon their prisoners because of their perceived dominant position. Their main intent is to degrade the prisoners, to strip away their dignity as human beings, and to show them that they are powerless beneath the abusers’ hands. The pictures, then, are part of the ritual of abuse. By exposing the private parts of the prisoner and capturing the moment forever on film or on video, the perpetrators are breaking the person’s will, reducing him or her into an object. Unfortunately, the acts of the American soldiers reflect the corruption of the entire U.S. military. Hersh (2004) observes that the Abu Ghraib incidents occurred not only because of poor leadership from the direct commanding officer but because of the lack of accountability in the military’s chain of command. Moreover, the incidents are an indication not only of the failure of the United States Army but also of American ideals and society to instill respect for human rights and human dignity among its members. It is a great shame and a devastating blow for the world’s superpower and the supposed protector of Democracy, to be associated with blatant acts of human rights violations. It is in this aspect that the world will continue to be haunted by the images of prisoners from Abu Ghraib. For the people will always remember how Private England smiled and gave a thumbs up sign for the camera while other human beings were being treated as animals in the foreground. Indeed, the torture and abuse of Iraqui prisoners are symptoms of the breakdown of humanity; the images of the grinning the soldiers will therefore serve as a haunting reminder of the capacity of humans for boundless inhumanity. Works Cited: Hersh, Simon R. Torture at Abu Ghraib. 10 May 2004. The New Yorker. 31 March 2008. http:// www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/05/10/040510fa_fact How to cite Immorality and Inhumanity in the Pictures from Abu Ghraib, Papers

Bright and Dark Side of the Romance of Leadership

Question: Critically evaluate the bright and dark side of the romance of leadership? Answer: Arnold Henry Glasgow explained that people often think that credit and earning recognition matters. But its not about the credit or the earning it is mostly about taking the blame and sharing the credit. It is a leader who leads his group or team, so he is responsible for all the actions and reactions of his team. Both the input and output of any operation is decided by a leader, one wrong decision and that leads to a low productivity. Low productivity or getting lower than the expected is considered as a failure. Its not about blaming but to rectify, to comprehend what has gone wrong with the Endeavour a leader takes the initiative to find out. On that very step the leader finds out what has been wrong, the procedure, the people or the product itself. A leader leads; he is being followed by his subordinates. Thus a leader has to be careful in every step, because he is being trusted and blindly followed by his group men. (Northouse, 2004). There starts the impending journey of leadership. This is where the Romanticism of leadership is experienced. The quality approach on leadership which attempts to comprehend when and why we become familiar with the leaders is known as Romance of leadership. It deals with appreciating the leaders for influencing and changing our societies. Leadership has both optimistic and pessimistic outcomes in an organization. If an individual is considered to be a successful leader then his or her personal difficulties and poor organizational performance may be ignored for a certain period. This defines the Romance of Leadership and criticizes the approach of bright and dark side of romance of leadership (sage publications, Inc, 2012). The Romance of Leadership was introduced as one of the overtly follower centric approach to balance many leader centric approaches that dominated leadership research and practices. The Romance of Leadership approach helps to highlight the esteem, stature, magnetism, and heroism attached to diverse forms of leadership. Leadership is a preferential illustrative class for understanding political, organizational, military, social and regional outcomes. Meindl theorist in Leadership found out that a heroic conception of what leaders and their leadership is virtually a concept that will remain beyond grasp of the best scientific outcomes, particularly since the initial purpose of scientific research is to technically resolve the mysteries (Bligh, Kohles and Pillai, 2011). Social inference is what leadership means. Construing leadership as an explanatory category, Calder and Pfeffer treated leadership as one of the ways in which people understand the causes of important organizational event s and outcomes. In this perspective, leadership events like successions appears to be largely symbolic, spreading a sense of comprehending and manage over critical problems that require explanation and demonstration and receptive action. In procedure of socially construing organizational situations, the romance of Leadership conflicts that the notion of leadership is raised unprovoked status and significance. So far, the discussion has always been about what good qualities a leader should possess and the fantasies of leadership. There also exist the dark sides of leadership. Researchers also provided their overview on Destructive leadership. (Meindl and Ehrlich, 1987). By focusing hugely on characteristics of the leader, they stated that leaders are responsible for harmful outcomes in organization. Many conducted surveys suggested that aversive leadership and destructive leadership more broadly is a complex process resulting from the confluence of leaders, followers, and the environ ment of the organization. Destructive leadership includes a wide array of labels describing various forms of harmful leader behavior. Tepper defined abusive supervision as the degree to which superintendents engage in the continual display of hostile oral and non verbal reactions, not including physical contact. To this context another concept coined as leader bullying was explained by Buckley and Harvey as deliberately chosen diplomacy of influencing by leaders intended to portray a specific image and place goals in a compliant, ineffective position goals. (Thoroughgood, Hunter and Sawyer, 2010) With the recognition of dark side of leadership as a significant branch of research, many researchers have sought to discuss caustic brands of leadership in terms of negative life ideas and dispositional traits such as narcissism. Narcissism is a psychological perception of being in the pursuit of gratification of vanity or egoistic. This is in general considered as a negative trait, but now a days modern concept says narcissism may be considered as a positive trait to a certain level. Professor Dr. Emily Grijalva (from University of Illinois psychology) found that narcissists have a gaudy sense of their own self-importance and an embellished need for others respect. She also explained that generally narcissist can be anxious with belief and fantasies of their massive power, attractiveness, intelligence and success. Through her research she found that although narcissist are more expected to appear as group leaders but after a certain point it is possible to undermine a persons effic iency being a leader. (PhD, 2015) In a research presented by Professor Mark Stein, it has been found that a self centered leader can actually possess two kinds of narcissist behavior those whose poise results to benefit the organization, and those whose egotism is actually disparaging. The research states that those with firm tendencies of narcissism are often drawn to leadership profile, out of a need for positions and power. Interestingly this trait can be both favorable and destructive for an organization (ScienceDaily, 2015). Although psychologists have immense awareness about leadership, people who make resolutions about genuine leaders seems largely to disregard their accumulated perception. Leadership is persuasion and not dominance; people who can entail others to do obeying because of their powers, are not leaders. Leadership is not a mandate acquisition of the authority; it approaches when others keenly adopt, for a certain period of time, the goals of a group as their own. So leadership is all about problem solving, organizing, clarifying, informing, monitoring, networking, team building and rewarding that is expected from the first line of leaders. (Hogan, Curphy and Hogan, 1994). References Bligh, M., Kohles, J. and Pillai, R. (2011). Romancing leadership: Past, present, and future.The Leadership Quarterly, 22(6), pp.1058-1077. Hogan, R., Curphy, G. and Hogan, J. (1994). What we know about leadership: Effectiveness and personality.American Psychologist, 49(6), pp.493-504. Meindl, J. and Ehrlich, S. (1987). THE ROMANCE OF LEADERSHIP AND THE EVALUATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE.Academy of Management Journal, 30(1), pp.91-109. Northouse, P. (2004).Leadership. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage. PhD, R. (2015).Is Narcissism an Essential Leadership Trait?. [online] Psych Central.com. Available at: https://psychcentral.com/news/2014/01/16/is-narcissism-an-essential-leadership-trait/64585.html [Accessed 10 Feb. 2015]. sage publications, Inc, (2012).Sage reference. [online] https://www.sagepub.com/. Available at: https://www.sagepub.com/northouse6e/study/materials/reference/reference9.2.pdf [Accessed 10 Feb. 2015]. ScienceDaily, (2015).When good leaders turn bad: the dual face of narcissistic leadership. [online] Available at: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140528103314.htm [Accessed 10 Feb. 2015]. Thoroughgood, C., Hunter, S. and Sawyer, K. (2010). Bad Apples, Bad Barrels, and Broken Followers? An Empirical Examination of Contextual Influences on Follower Perceptions and Reactions to Aversive Leadership.Journal of Business Ethics, 100(4), pp.647-672.